Chalchiuhtlicue - Aztec Goddess of Rivers and Oceans

Chalchiuhtlicue (Chal-CHEE-ooh-tlee-quay), whose name means She of the Jade Skirt, is the Aztec goddess of water as it collects on the earth, such as rivers and oceans, and so was considered by the Aztecs (1110–1521 CE) as the patroness of navigation. She was one of the most important deities, as protector of childbirth and newborns. Fast Facts: Chalchiuhtlicue Alternate Names: She of the Jade SkirtCulture/Country: Aztec, MexicoPrimary Sources: Codex Borbonicus, Florentine, Diego DuranRealms and Powers: Streams and standing water, marriage, new borns, presides over the 4th SunFamily: Consort/Sister/Mother of Tlaloc and the Tlaloques Chalchiuhtlicue in Aztec Mythology The water goddess Chalchiuhtlicue is somehow linked to the rain god Tlaloc, but sources vary. Some say she was the wife or feminine counterpart of Tlaloc; in others, she is Tlalocs sister; and some scholars suggest she is Tlaloc himself in a separate guise. She is also associated with the Tlaloques, Tlalocs brothers or perhaps their children. In some sources, she is described as the wife of the Aztec fire god Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli. She is said to reside in the mountains, releasing her water when it is appropriate: different Aztec communities associated her with different mountains. All rivers come from the mountains in the Aztec universe, and the mountains are like jars (ollas) filled with water, that spring from the womb of the mountain and wash down to water and protect the people. Appearance and Reputation Two sculpted images of the Aztec water goddess, Chalchiuhtlicue, on display in Amsterdams Tropenmuseum. Daniel Farrell The goddess Chalchiuhtlicue is often depicted in pre-Columbian and colonial period books called codices as wearing a blue-green skirt, as her name illustrates, from which flows a long and abundant stream of water. Sometimes new-born children are portrayed floating in this water flow. She has black lines on her face and usually wears a jade nose-plug. In Aztec sculpture and portraits, her statues and images are often carved out of jade or other green stones. She is occasionally shown wearing Tlalocs goggle-eyed mask. The allied Nahuatl word chalchihuitl means drop of water and, it refers to the green stone jade, and also used in connection with Tlalocs goggles, which may themselves be a symbol of water. In the Codex Borgia, Chalchiuhtlicue is wearing a serpent headdress and dress ornaments with the same markings as Tlaloc, and her half-moon nose ornament is the serpent itself, marked with stripes and dots. Myths According to the Spanish conquistador and priest Fray Diego Duran (1537–1588), who collected Aztec lore, Chalchiuhtlicue was universally revered by the Aztecs. She governed the waters of the oceans, springs, and lakes, and as such she appeared in both positive and negative guises. She was seen as a positive source who brought full irrigation canals for growing maize  when she was associated with the corn goddess Xilonen. When displeased, she brought empty canals and drought and was paired with the dangerous snake goddess Chicomecoatl. She was also known for creating whirlpools and big storms making water navigation tricky. The main myth involving Chalchuihtilcue reports that the goddess ruled over and destroyed the previous world, known in Aztec mythology as the Fourth Sun, which ended in the Mexica version of the Deluge Myth. The Aztec universe was based on the Legend of the Five Suns, which said that before the current world (the Fifth Sun), the various gods and goddesses made four attempts to create versions of the world and then destroyed them in order. The fourth sun (called Nahui Atl Tonatiuh or 4 Water) was ruled by Chalchiutlicue as a world of water, where fish species were marvelous and abundant. After 676 years, Chalchiutlicue destroyed the world in a cataclysmic flood, transforming all the humans into fish. Chalchiuhtlicues Festivals As the partner of Tlaloc, Chalchiuhtlicue is one of group of gods who supervised water and fertility. To these deities was dedicated a series of ceremonies called Atlcahualo, which lasted the entire month of February. During these ceremonies, the Aztecs performed many rituals, usually on the mountain tops, where they sacrificed children. For the Aztec religion, the tears of children were considered good omens for abundant rain. The festival month of February dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue was the sixth month of the Aztec year called Etzalcualiztli. It took place during the rainy season when the fields were beginning to ripen. The festival was conducted in and around the lagoons, with some objects ritually deposited within the lagoons, and events involved fasting, feasting, and auto-sacrifice on the part of the priests. It also included the human sacrifice of war captives, women, and children some of which were dressed in the costume of Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlaloc. Offerings included maize, the blood of quail birds and resins made of copal and latex. Children were regularly sacrificed to Chalchiuhtlicue at the height of the dry season just before the rains were due; during the festivals dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlaloc, a young boy would be sacrificed to Tlaloc on a mountaintop outside of Tenochtitlan, and a young girl would be drowned in Lake Texcoco at Pantitlan, where whirlpools were known to occur. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst. Sources Brundage, Burr Cartwright. The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec Worlds. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. Print.Carlson, John B. The Maya Deluge Myth and Dresden Codex Page 74. Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon-Based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica. Eds. Dowd, Anne S. and Susan Milbrath. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015. 197–226. Print.Dehouve, Danià ¨le. The Rules of Construction of an Aztec Deity: Chalchiuhtlicue, the Goddess of Water. Ancient Mesoamerica  (2018): 1–22. Print.Garza Gà ³mez, Isabel. De Calchiuhtlicue, Diosa De Rà ­os, Lagunas Y Manantiales. El Tlacuache: Patrimonio de Morelos  (2009): 1–4. Print.Heyden, Doris. Water Symbols and Eye Rings in the Mexican Codices. Indiana 8 (1983): 41–56. Print.Leon-Portilla, Miguel, and Jack Emory Davis. Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. Print.Miller, Mary Ellen, and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the G ods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Print.

Euthanasia Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1229 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Euthanasia Essay Did you like this example? Since when does people kill their selves to cure diseases? Euthanasia most commonly known as medically assisted suicide to end one’s life. Most people want to have a right to die because they may be terminally ill and be in excruciating pain that may feel like torment (BBC). Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States, but there are states that have legalized this. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Euthanasia Practice" essay for you Create order Even though many people think one should have the right to die there are many organizations that are against the idea of euthanasia. One of the organizations is Hope and their mission is to create networks to put up a barrier to euthanasia (Hope). Hope is a coalition single group that wants to create a positive but effective message to the public. Another organization is Voice for life and their concern is to speak up for life regardless of any circumstances (Voice for life). Voice for life was founded in 1970 by a professor named Sir William Liley in New Zealand (History). Both organizations have similar views on euthanasia and have the knowledge that life is important regardless of any situation. Even though the organizations may differ, they have the same views on the issue and the purpose of this essay is to implement a partnership. Hope is a single coalition group who oppose euthanasia and is located in Australia. Hope is an organization that firmly believes that euthanasia or medically assisted suicide poses a risk for the vulnerable. Many elderly people who are the vulnerable feel pressured into making the decision to end their life because of being a burden to their families and the state (The telegraph). Most families are the ones that put the ideas in the elder’s head that the family would be better off without them. Euthanasia opens a pathway for the terminally ill, disabled, and the elderly people to see themselves to be an extreme emotional and financial burden to others (the national centre). In the states that allow euthanasia the children have to pick where one will have a medically assisted suicide. Some say that children shouldn’t have the right to choose euthanasia because children don’t have the knowledge or grasp on what life and death is (Debate). Hope’s organization creates networks of people who want to educate people of all ages on the issue of euthanasia. The organization goes around the world to organize events and have quality speakers to speak to people of all ages. These events give people the hope that one needs to advocate the issue and learn the measures of euthanasia that makes it almost unthinkable. During these events it is discussed how a medically assisted suicide would originally be performed and the effects of the suicide. During a euthanasia patient is injected with a local anesthetic that makes one fall into a coma, and the person will slowly stop breathing (Quora). The organization researches how an euthanasia is performed and shares it with their audience. While doing the research information is exchange between many people to get different ideas. Similarly, Voice for life advocates against euthanasia but in a different way. Voice for life believes one shouldn’t be allowing to kill themselves over diseases because that is not a cure. Voice for life values human life as some as conception to a natural death (Voice for life). Voice for life was founded in March 1970 in New Zealand. This organization was founded when two gynecologist specialists became aware of the abortion rates. In 2005 Voice for life expanded to all of women health and euthanasia as a topic of debate. Voice for life has over 30 branches that is educating and informing the public on the values of a human life. The organization challenges the communities outlook on euthanasia and to seek protection by law of the human law. Oregon, Vermont, and Washington have legalized assisted suicide (Sharecare). Montana can perform assisted suicide only after a court ruling (Sharecare). Most of the United States have not legalized euthanasia due to many rejected thro ughout some states. Voice for life wants to keep most of the United States to be against euthanasia and realize what the value of life is. Hope and Voice for life have similar views on euthanasia but have different ways on advocating the issue. Hope and Voice for life know the importance of life itself and want to educate the public about life. If Hope and Voice for life came together into a partnership, it would really benefit both organizations significantly. Coming into one would make them more significant because one lacks what the other has. Hope has a broadly well-known network base, but Voice for life is more of street post and local newspapers. If the two organization came as one, they would reach a larger base of audience. If Hope and Voice for life came into a partnership, there would be room to grow for both organizations as a whole. Hope organization offers events to educate the public while Voice for life will hand out packets with more information. After the events there will be people outside handing out packets and free to answer any questions one might have. These organizations would get the money for all events through funding. Hope and Voice for life will set up fundraisers to ensure a steady income to help with their partnership. Hope has testimonials from people who have cancer and terminal illnesses, Voice for life can broadcast these testimonials through media with the permission of the people. The testimonials being broadcast will get more people to know what’s it like to be sick but not to think about euthanasia. Voice for life seeks protection through legal action to enforce that euthanasia does not spread and Hope can get people lawyers involved through their large network base. Hope can find lawyers and policemen to help find legal action while Voice for life is knowledgeable about any legal action they can find. Hope organization has a team that researches euthanasia and builds on it, Voice for life can present the researched material to the media as a pro-life message. These organization are significant in gathering up people to fight their cause. The organizations want to educate and inform their audience about euthanasia. Hope organization is a single group of people who firmly believe that euthanasia poses risks to the vulnerable. Hope wants to create a message to all ages of people that euthanasia is not okay and should not be legalized. Voice for life believes that euthanasia will not cure anything. The organization wants people to understand and educate themselves about euthanasia. The organizations have a different way to advocate the issue but come together as a whole when it comes to with or against. These two organizations would benefit from coming together as partners and educating a larger audience. Hope and Voice for life are better together than apart because they make a stronger team and task force. These organizations would reach a larger audience, have support through legal actions, and have many ways to present information. References: https://www.sharecare.com/health/health-care-basics/in-which-states-euthanasia-assisted-suicide-legal https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/introduction.shtml https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9478399/Assisted-suicide-comment-euthanasia-puts-the-vulnerable-at-risk.html https://www.nathaniel.org.nz/euthanasia/23-campaigns/euthanasia/modal-windows/257-the-dangers-of-euthanasia-key-arguments https://www.quora.com/How-does-euthanasia-work-and-what-happens-inside-the-body https://www.sharecare.com/health/health-care-basics/in-which-states-euthanasia-assisted-suicide-legal

Life in the Chesapeake Colonies - 1689 Words

Life in the Chesapeake Colonies The first successful British colonization of the Americas was in the Chesapeake area and anchored by Jamestown which was founded in 1607. The original colonists nearly didn’t make it, as it was a very difficult life for them. Moreover, the colonists founded many relationships that were both good and bad with various other groups so that they could make it through those first years. With great will and sheer luck the area has thrived, becoming the heart of the United States gov- ernment today. When you think of early America what comes to mind? Do you think of Christopher Columbus, or George Washington? Many people don’t realize that the first European settlers were actually from present day†¦show more content†¦Soon the conflict between the cousins envel- oped the entire region and saw Jamestown burn to the ground on September 19, 1676 (Jones 2011). After the death of Bacon due to dysentery, Berkeley was able to gain control of the region; the discontent had set the stage for many years to come. The area received little outside influence from any of the other European powers until the Revolutionary War in which the French aided the American colo- nies with a massive naval blockade that kept the British from evacuating forces from Yorktown so they could be redeployed in the Carolinas (Allen 1852). Today, the Chesapeake Bay colony area is home to the United States capital, with the ma- jor cities being Richmond Virginia, Washington D.C., and Baltimore Maryland (Google Earth). The area still has major influence on trade but it is on a much larger scale than any of the first colonists could have ev- er imagined. It has grown from a small agricultural colony on the brink of collapse to an ever expanding me- tropolis that encompasses much of the eastern parts of Maryland and Virginia. It has markedly changed in its From its swampy beginnings to its present day status as capital of the free world, the area has been leading change in the world. Throughout its history there have been many grave conflicts which have not always led to the greater good. But as we learn from our past we look to the future with hope and the feeling of accomplishment through trialsShow MoreRelatedSocial Structure and Development in the Chesapeake and New England Colonies950 Words   |  4 Pages The Chesapeake and New England colonies were both settled by predominantly British immigrants. They founded the Chesapeake colonies such as Virginia in 1607 and Maryland in 1634 they founded the New England colonies such as Massachusetts in 1630, Connecticut in 1635, Rhode Island is 1636 and New Hampshire in 1639. Both the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies started as similar colonies but developed into different societies. 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In 1607, England established its first colony in North America around the Chesapeake Bay, and nearly a decade later established a second colony in present-day New England. Both New England and the Chesapeake were founded by the British around the same time; however, both colonies developed a different economy, government, and many other ways of life. In 1607, King James I. granted a charter to the Virginia Company which allowed them to start a colony in theRead MoreDifferences in Development between the Chesapeake Regions and New England 1555 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment between the Chesapeake Regions and New England The seventeenth and early eighteenth century, brought thousands of immigrants to America in pursuit of freedom and a new life. Some desired freedom from religious persecution, others wanted a chance to be free from the poverty that ensnared them in England Thus the American colonies were formed. Although the colonies were all united under British rule, they eventually separated into various regions including the Chesapeake region, the New EnglandRead MoreEssay on APUSH DBQ Chapter 3-4942 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough a hard economic time. Many were poor and unemployed, and this caused English men to seek a better life in the new world. The Spanish exploration, led by Christopher Columbus, led the way for other European countries to follow to the new world. The eastern coast of North America was colonized by English men of the same background and origin, but by the 1700s, the New England and Chesapeake regions have developed into two distinct nations. The two regions were founded for very different reasons

Efficiency in Health Care Systems Essay - 2288 Words

Its without doubt that there are countless ways to define efficiency in the health care system. The different structures of the health care systems around the world give rise to discrepancies in the definitions present. Yet such definitions all share common elements. Hence a unanimous statement of what efficiency is should be adopted to allow the fair evaluation of health care systems internationally. Efficiency should be simply defined as the balanced relationship between the inputs to health care and the maximized outputs that are generated from such inputs. Efficiency can be split into three broad categories, operational efficiency, allocative efficiency and administrative efficiency (Elizabeth A. McGlynn, et al. 2008). With this†¦show more content†¦2009 p.18). An OECD study conducted in 2007 which compared unit costs found there was a potential for the reduction of costs. For countries such as Australia, France, Sweden and the US, such costs could be reduced by 5-48%. F or the same output, it was estimated that Australia had to the potential to reduce 42% of costs. In terms of duplication of services, Australia’s rate of duplicating services was at 12% in 2008 compared to that of other countries such as 18% in Germany, 20% in the US, 10%, 11% and 7% (Survey of Sicker Adults 2005, 2008) in Canada, New Zealand and the UK, respectively. This shows that Australia is considered to be an average performer in this respect but seeing that there are such margins, Australia and other countries such as the US can still increase their efficiency. With the prevalence of test results being unavailable, 2008 results show that Australia was again an average performer with 17% of tests or medical records not being available at the time of assessment of sick patients. Here, Australia was topped by the Netherlands, Germany and the UK whom had 11%, 12%, and 15% (Survey of Sicker Adults 2005, 2008) of cases respectively. 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Accounting Pest Analysis Sample and Solution

Question: Describe about the development of a proper PEST Analysis template of an accounting firm. Answer: Factor Opportunity Threat Political The most significant point is to analyze the rules and regulations of the government. The second factor is to conclude about the government stability The political factor in the context is the external factors of the business, which cannot be controlled by the firm. Action of the government and political condition in the country affects the business in different manners. It must be a positive impact or a negative impact. It will help to spot business opportunities and personal opportunity It will help to avoid starting new projects which will bring negative impacts towards the firm It will bring different business opportunities to the economy. Sudden change in the government plans and procedures Change in the rules and regulations of the accounting structure and schedule Business can fall in downstream in the overall activities of the commerce. Economic Inflation can be defined as the sustain rate of increase in the price of the general goods and services. It hampers the entire circular flow of income in the economy. Deflation is the fall in the price of the goods and services in an economy due to the fall in the demand. It also hampers the circular flow of income as it experiences in lowering of the price in an economy. Employment Rate is defined as the measure to extend labor resources in the economy, it is calculated based on the working age population. The rate of unemployment dramatically hampers business. It decreases the efficiency of the business in the organization The firm will get benefited if the government maintains a steady rate in the interest structure as it will provide opportunities of loan Change in the interest rate structure will demoralize the form to go for credit, as is the ultimate option for expansion Socio-Cultural The income distribution of the system of the government Change in customers choice and trends Business does not exist in a vacuum environment. Social and cultural factors are the two integrated factors of the business, which brings both positive impact as well as negative impact in the business firm. If the economy maintains a strong and sustain level it will bring a positive impact in the income level of the people Major threat in the socio cultural factor of the PEST Analysis is population demographics Technological Technological advancement is moving at a rapid pace Technological factor will allow the organization to minimize the cost of the firm in daily operations A proper technological advancement will allow the firm to increase the overall efficiency. The financial firm will get benefited in certain ways and will help to increase the overall efficiency, productivity and profitability Sudden change in the technological advancement will bring different kinds of obsolesce PEST ANALYSIS of the Accounting Firm The concept of the situation analysis is one of the most crucial as well as well as significant part in order to determine the a proper situation analysis tool. I feel that the application of a proper situation analysis tool will guide the organization in different ways. The study will analyze the entire important factor, which are included towards the application of PEST Analysis. The four factors are political Economics, Social and technological (Adl, Ashouri Jamalpour, 2013). Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. The present firm in the study mainly deals in accounting and finance. Relevant regulations, government stability are the two important which I feel concludes the political analysis of the PEST Analysis (Collis, Holt Hussey, 2012). There are certain factors, which I feel the firm needs to conclude towards the development of the economic analysis. Inflation, employment rate, and deflation are the three key points, which needs to analyze in order to conclude about the environmental factor. The third element of this particular tool is to analyze the socio cultural factor (Gao, 2013). Population demographics and income distribution of the people are the important factors, which conclude the socio cultural factor in the financial firms. The last factor of the PEST Analysis tool is the technological factor. I feel it is one of the most significant factors in the entire tool. Technological advancement includes evolution of new technology and new technology transfer. External environment is the most important factor as compared with the internal environment (Shen Jiang, 2013). I feel that the PEST Analysis tools are very much useful in certain ways. It will help the firm to identify what are the various kinds of business opportunities as well as the personal opportunities, which will provide advance warning of some significant threats. Inflation and deflation are the two factors, which indicate both positive as well as negative demand; it hampers the entire circular follow of income in the economy and hampers the flow business. I feel that actions and the policy conditions of the country affects the decision making power of the business. There are certain advantages for the technological advancement of the business. I feel that it reduces the cost of the operations in the business. However, I will conclude about the employment rate in the economy. Frequent employee turnover will bring negative impact in the overall proceedings in the organizatio n. In order to complete this particular investigation procedure I have done many research works for the development of this particular template and will allow the readers to conclude its various kinds of advantages. Reference List Adl, A., Ashouri, M., Jamalpour, G. (2013).Overview SWOT Analysis Method and Its Application in Organizations Singaporean Journal of Business , Economics and Management Studies .- 2013 , Vol. 1 , No. 12 , pp. 69 - 74. Singapore: National Library Singapore. Bertelsen, B. (2012).Everything you need to know about SWOT analysis. [Newmarket, Ont.]: BrainMass Inc. Collis, J., Holt, A., Hussey, R. (2012).Business accounting. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Gao, L. (2013). Resource Utilization of Digital Library in Full View Analysis of SWOT.AMM,427-429, 2104-2109. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2104 Pride, W., Hughes, R., Kapoor, J. (2012).Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Shen, H., Jiang, Z. (2013). SWOT Analysis for Serviced Apartment Based on Information Technology.AMM,380-384, 2011-2015. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2011

Police fragmentation free essay sample

The Nature of Policing in the United States will constantly change based on certain events that happen. The government will always look for ways to adjust, trying to make policing more efficient, fair, and effective. Unlike policing in other countries, the structure of policing in the United States is extremely fragmented. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there are currently 21 ,OOO federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in the United States. In different levels of the government, here are thousands of different agencies that are responsible for specific tasks. Due to a high amount of different law enforcement agencies, it will always raise a concern on what works and what does not work. In recent years, the structure of American policing has dramatically changed. In todays society crimes such as drugs, murders, rapes and cyber crimes are at an all time high and much care and respect has to be given to the chain of command. From 1980 to now law enforcement agencies have had to reform and reconstruct how day to day business is conducted. There must be clear and concise lines drawn as to who is in the chain of command so that proper actions can be taken when needed. Heightened awareness of new era crimes has drastically evolved in the last thirty years, factors such as gang activity, increased drug use and internet crimes have changed law enforcement as a whole leading to policy and procedure changes. In the 1980s and the early 1990s gang and drug activity became an epidemic and law enforcement agencies were forced to crimes. Although gangs already existed, they seemed to have become more widespread throughout the nation and they were even emerging in small ommunities. During this era the drug trafficking played a major role in the increased gang activity in already existing larger gangs it also played a role in the creation of many smaller gangs, and no drug has had as much of an impact. Other horrific events have shaped the way law enforcement is now structured, for example, the terrorist attack on 9/1 1 has had a major impact on policing. Immediately, the department of Homeland Security was created initially to protect American citizens from the possibility of terrorist attacks and ways to counter react to them during the ear of 2002. Law enforcement agencies at different levels of government have different responsibilities and tasks that they must accomplish. The local police are the most visible to the public and they include municipal police departments, county police departments, and county sheriffs. These departments have the broadest functions, enforcing criminal laws, maintaining order, and reducing conflict. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there were approximately 14,000 municipal police forces in the United States. Based on the local level, there is also law nforcement at the county level. These agencies are titles sheriffs office, and these departments serve all three branches of law enforcement. They are responsible for providing bail, serving summonses, and other civil law matters. Like the local law enforcement agency, state law enforcement agencies are also divided into two categories. Almost half of the state law enforcement agency is mostly responsible for traffic enforcement on the state highways. The remainder generally has other law enforcement responsibilities. State level police agencies include U. S. ttorneys which erve as the nations principal litigators under the direction of the attorney general. Most states also include other law enforcing organizations with limited powers, such as harbor police, airport police, school district police, etc. In general, state agencies are responsible for providing police services in unincorporated areas and small towns. Over the years, federal law enforcement has expanded with the idea that many crimes span state border s. The government no longer thinks of crimes as being committed at a single location within a single state. There are about 70 law nforcement agencies at the federal level. At the federal level, the responsibilities are more specific and defined by federal law. They are authorized, typically by Congress, to enforce specific laws or attend specific situations. After 9/1 1, many FBI agents were switched from their traditional law enforcement activities to anti-terrorist initiatives. They possess authority that is given to them under limited parts of the United States Code. In November 2002, Congress enacted legislation to create a new Department of Homeland Security. Other agencies include the Department of Treasury, Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, etc. In general, they all these agencies were created in order to centralize the administration and coordination of many existing agencies. Reluctance of Congress to empower any one agency with too much federal law enforcement authority prevents a national police. The United States system of policing is very unique compared to other countries. Many people believe that the American system of policing is extremely fragmented and loosely coordinated, which leads it to being ineffective and agencies in the same geographic area. This may lead to lack of information sharing among different agencies and agencies may compete rather than cooperate among one another. Second, fragmentation of responsibility can also lead to crime displacement. Third, a serious problem of duplication of services arises. Patrick Murphy, former police commissioner in several American cities, also suggested that many small communities are policed by a small amount of untrained individuals. Murphy argues that the small police agencies should be eliminated and that larger police organizations should be consolidated. The fragmented nature of the American law enforcement agency causes poor communication, lack of cooperation between police agencies and poor coordination. This may even lead to victims and offenders to get away with the crime they committed. On the other hand, many people may argue that the highly fragmented state of policing may not be such a bad idea. Small police departments can also be very efficient, for example, it puts more officers on the street to perform usual police services. With many more smaller police agencies, they are able to deliver more personalized services, be more flexible, ustomize strategies and have local control. Separate law enforcement agencies with specific tasks, for example, counter-terrorist agencies will be able to focus on specific terrorist issues which make them more reliable. The fragmentation of police was created in order to centralize the administration and coordination of many existing agencies. Reluctance of Congress to empower any one agency with too much power prevents a national police. This allows officers to be more specialized in their specific tasks. As a result, there are two major remedies for fragmentation. Consolidation is an alternative to fragmentation in a sense of consolidating small agencies into larger ones. This can improve communication and cooperation between police agencies. Another alternative to police fragmentation is contracting. This will allow small agencies to contract with larger agencies for specific services, for example, the Jail system. With contracting small agencies with larger agencies, the coordination between the two forces can improve the way we deal with specific issues. In retrospect, the structure of United States policing has constantly changed over the years. Each major crime has caused the structure of our policing system to change and adapt to the problems that are being faced by the United States. It is critical that law enforcement continually work on effective strategies, strengthen capabilities, and maintain collaborative workable relationships within the communities they serve. Although, these law enforcement agencies may have different missions and operations they all attempt to coordinate law enforcement operations as closely as the law permits. Canterbury, Chuck. The Future of Law Enforcement in the United States of America.